白虎汤类方研究

白虎汤及其加减方主要治疗某些传染病和寄生虫病,如流行性出血热、流行性乙型脑炎等病症;白虎加人参汤及其加减方主要治疗内分泌、营养和代谢疾病,如糖尿病;白虎加人参汤及其加减方主要治疗某些中医病证,如发热。竹叶石膏汤及其加减方主要治疗消化系统疾病、某些传染病和寄生虫疾病,如小儿口疮、伤寒、流行性出血热、复发性口疮等病症。通过白虎汤类方现代应用的研究可以看出类方研究是学习经方的系统方法之一,值得推广用于经方的教学、科研、临床之中。     

The effects of nicotine on the alpha-7 and beta-2 nicotinic acetycholine receptor subunits in the developing piglet brainstem

Exposure to cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). We tested the hypothesis that nicotine increases expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits α7 and β2 in a piglet model. Piglets exposed to 2 mg/kg/day nicotine for 14 days postnatally (n = 14) were compared to non-exposed controls (n = 14), (equal gender proportions). Immunohistochemistry was performed to identify and quantify changes in, α7 and β2 nAChR subunits in 8 nuclei of the medulla at both the rostral and caudal levels. Compared to controls, nicotine exposed piglets had decreased α7 in the rostral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (rDMNV) (p = 0.01), and increased β2 in the caudal DMNV (cDMNV) (p = 0.05), caudal nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (cNSTT) (p = 0.03) and caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) (p = 0.04). Analysis by gender showed that in the control group, compared to males, females had higher β2 in the caudal hypoglossal (cXII) (p < 0.01) and caudal inferior olivary (p = 0.04) nuclei, while in the nicotine group females had higher β2 in the cDMNV (p = 0.02). Compared to control males, nicotine exposed males had lower β2 in the cXII (p < 0.01). Overall, changes in α7 were specific to nicotine exposure with no gender differentiation. Changes in β2 were more widespread but showed gender-specific effects. These findings provide evidence that early postnatal exposure to nicotine significantly affects nAChR subunit expressions in the developing brainstem.     

响应面法优化淡竹叶总黄酮的大孔树脂纯化工艺

目的:探讨响应面法优化淡竹叶总黄酮大孔树脂纯化工艺。方法:比较四种大孔树脂对淡竹叶总黄酮的吸附和解吸性质,筛选合适的树脂,采用响应面法优化纯化工艺。结果:通过实验数据分析,较佳纯化工艺条件为上样液质量浓度0.12 g/m L,乙醇体积分数75%,洗脱液用量6BV。结论:通过响应面法优选的淡竹叶总黄酮大孔树脂纯化工艺稳定可行,预测性好。     

Distinct patterns of neuronal inputs and outputs of the juxtaparaventricular and suprafornical regions of the lateral hypothalamic area in the male rat

We have analyzed at high resolution the neuroanatomical connections of the juxtaparaventricular region of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHAjp); as a control and in comparison to this, we also performed a preliminary analysis of a nearby LHA region that is dorsal to the fornix, namely the LHA suprafornical region (LHAs). The connections of these LHA regions were revealed with a coinjection tract-tracing technique involving a retrograde (cholera toxin B subunit) and anterograde (Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin) tracer. The LHAjp and LHAs together connect with almost every major division of the cerebrum and cerebrospinal trunk, but their connection profiles are markedly different and distinct. In simple terms, the connections of the LHAjp indicate a possible primary role in the modulation of defensive behavior; for the LHAs, a role in the modulation of ingestive behavior is suggested. However, the relation of the LHAjp and LHAs to potential modulation of these behaviors, as indicated by their neuroanatomical connections, appears to be highly integrative as it includes each of the major functional divisions of the nervous system that together determine behavior, i.e., cognitive, state, sensory, and motor. Furthermore, although a primary role is indicated for each region with respect to a particular mode of behavior, intermode modulation of behavior is also indicated. In summary, the extrinsic connections of the LHAjp and LHAs (so far as we have described them) suggest that these regions have a profoundly integrative role in which they may participate in the orchestrated modulation of elaborate behavioral repertoires.     

HPLC测定淡竹叶中日本当药黄素的含量

目的:建立中药淡竹叶中日本当药黄素的RP-HPLC含量测定方法。方法:高效液相色谱法,采用Cosmosil 5 C18-ms-Ⅱ色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相乙腈-0.05%醋酸水溶液(14:86),流速1.0 mL·min-1,分析时间20 min,检测波长350 nm,进样体积10μL。结果:日本当药黄素进样量与峰面积呈良好线性关系,线性范围为0.3～5.0μg,r=1.000 0(n=5),回收率为100.2%(n=6)。结论:该方法首次测定了8个地区淡竹叶药材中日本当药黄素的含量,该方法准确、简便、重复性好。     

大白鼠楔外、内核及薄束核向小脑蚓部皮质的投射

用辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)逆行传递法,在44只大白鼠脑,研究了楔外、内核和薄束核到小脑蚓部皮质的投射。结果表明:当HRP注于蚓部皮质Ⅳ—Ⅴ小叶后,在楔外核、楔内核和薄束核均有标记细胞。在楔外核全核内标记细胞较为密集,可见此核主要投射于小脑的该区。在Ⅳ—Ⅴ小叶注射例中,标记细胞亦见于楔内核的嘴侧部,但出现的标记细胞较少;于个别例,薄束核内可见为数甚少的标记细胞。当HRP注入蚓部皮质Ⅵ—Ⅶ小叶后,在后述两核均未见到标记细胞。当HRP注于Ⅷ—Ⅸ小叶后,在楔外核出现一些标记细胞,但这些标记细胞与注射于Ⅳ、Ⅴ小叶相比,数目明显减少;在该组注射例中,于楔内核的腹外侧部可出现一些标记细胞,但数目很少;此区注射后,薄束核内未见标记细胞。由此可见,楔外核对小脑蚓部皮质有较多的投射纤维,楔内核有很少的投射纤维,薄束核只有为数更少的纤维投射。     

Somatosensory nuclei in the brainstem of the rat: independent projections to the thalamus and cerebellum

The dorsal column nuclei and the sensory trigeminal nuclei project not only to the ventrobasal thalamus but also to the cerebellum. In this study the numbers and distribution of neurones projecting to these two regions were examined for the following nuclei: the rostral part of the main cuneate nucleus, the external cuneate nucleus, nucleus x, the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, and the oral, interpolar, and caudal subnuclei of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. A thalamic projection from nucleus x and from the external cuneate nucleus was confirmed, and a distinct group of neurones projecting to the ventroposteromedial thalamus was distinguished near the ventromedial aspect of the principal sensory nucleus. Of the 165,000 neurones examined, only one was found to be double labelled. It was concluded that the populations of neurones that project to the ventrobasal thalamus and to the cerebellum are separate, and that somatosensory neurones in the brainstem do not send axon collaterals to both regions.     

岩前胡的化学成分研究

目的 :研究广西产岩前胡的化学成分。方法 :用色谱和光谱技术进行成分分离和结构鉴定。结果 :从岩前胡根中分得 8个成分 ,分别为异欧芹素乙、珊瑚菜内酯、佛手柑内酯、氧化前胡素水合物、白当归素、β 谷甾醇、亥茅酚和甘露醇。结论 :前 7个成分为首次从该植物中获得。     

1-Bromopropane, an alternative to ozone layer depleting solvents, is dose-dependently neurotoxic to rats in long-term inhalation exposure.

1-Bromopropane has been newly introduced as an alternative to ozone layer-depleting solvents. We aimed to clarify the dose-dependent effects of 1-bromopropane on the nervous system. Forty-four Wistar male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 11 each. The groups were exposed to 200, 400, or 800 ppm of 1-bromopropane or only fresh air 8 h per day for 12 weeks. Grip strength of forelimbs and hind limbs, maximum motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV), and distal latency (DL) of the tail nerve were measured in 9 rats of each group every 4 weeks. The other 2 rats of each group were perfused at the end of the experiment for morphological examinations. The rats of the 800-ppm group showed poor kicking and were not able to stand still on the slope. After a 12-week exposure, forelimb grip strength decreased significantly at 800 ppm and hind limb grip strength decreased significantly at both 400 and 800 ppm or after a 12-week exposure. MCV and DL of the tail nerve deteriorated significantly at 800 ppm. Ovoid or bubble-like debris of myelin sheaths was prominent in the unraveled muscular branch of the posterior tibial nerve in the 800-ppm group. Swelling of preterminal axons in the gracile nucleus increased in a dose-dependent manner. Plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) decreased dose-dependently with significant changes at 400 and 800 ppm. 1-Bromopropane induced weakness in the muscle strength of rat limbs and deterioration of MCV and DL in a dose-dependent manner, with morphological changes in peripheral nerve and preterminal axon in the gracile nucleus. 1-Bromopropane may be seriously neurotoxic to humans and should thus be used carefully in the workplace.